Social Studies Manuel

Unit: 1

We and Our Society

By the end of the unit, the students will be able to;

· Define and figure out the challenges of human resource development.

· Explore various ways to human resource management and development;

· Explore the current Human Development Index;

· Highlight the importance of Human Resource Index;

· Introduce the concept of regional and federal development;

· Introduce and differentiate the provinces on the basis of physical features and socio-economic life;

· Highlight the prospects and the challenges of the provinces and suggest the solutions to the problems;

· Draw the outline map of provinces and insert the facts;

· Draw the maps, charts and graphs.

The important points to be learnt….

§ The process of positive changes in any sector is called development.

§ The man power which is required for the development of a nation or an organization is called human resource.

§ Human resource is categorized on skill and tenure basis.

§ There are three types of human resource on the basis of skills. They are; unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled.

§ Short term, long term and sustainable human resource are the other category of human resource on the basis of tenure.

§ The act of recruiting and developing the skills of the work force of an organization or any other sector is called human resource management.

§ The process of improving the working competencies of the work force of an organization according to need is called human resource development.

§ An indicator of measuring the developments of a nation on the basis of three dimensions i.e. education, life expectancy and income is called Human Development Index (HDI).

§ HDI is measured to identify the condition of the nation and suggest the ways to overcome them.

§ The value of HDI ranges from 0 to 1.

§ Norway stands in the first rank in the list of HDI ranking whereas the position of Nepal is in middle position.

§ The report of HDI is produced every year by UNDP.

§ Nepal was divided into four development regions in 2029 BS.

§ Nepal was further divided into five development regions in 2037 BS.

§ The success of the Peoples Movement IInd introduced the Federal Republic System in 2065 BS. ending the two hundred forty years old the monarchial system.

§ The new constitution of Nepal promulgated in 2072BS, introduced seven federal provincial model in the nation.

§ Province;1 has not been named yet.

Lesson:1

Human Resource Development

Group - A

Very short answer questions.

1. What do you mean by development?

The positive or progressive changes that take place in any sector either in a nation or an organization is termed as development.

2. What is human resource?

A group of people with the skills, knowledge and ability to do any kind of work is called human resource. e.g. Teacher, nurse, administrator.

3. What are the bases of classification of human resources?

The human resource can be classified on the following bases. They are;

a. On the basis of skill and

b. On the basis of tenure.

4. What are the types of human resource on the basis of skills?

The types of human resource on the basis of skills are;

a. Unskilled human resource , b. Semi skilled human resource and c. Unskilled human resource

5. What are the types of human resource on the basis of tenure?

The types of human resource on the basis of tenure are;

a. Short term human resource b. Long term human resource and c. Sustainable human resource

6. What do you mean by Human Resource Development (HRD)?

The process of producing skilled human resources and enriching them with skills, knowledge and training to run the development activities of a particular organization is called human resource development.

7. Which resource is called the best resource among all the resources available?

Human resource is the best resource among all the resources because human resource manages all the resources.

8. What do you mean by Human Resource Management (HRM)?

Human Resource Management is a kind of system or process to manage the available human resources of an organization for better functioning.

9. Differentiate between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development in a sentence.

The applied principle of management for managing the human resources of an entire organization is said human resource management whereas human resource development is a regular development process to improve the output of the human resources working in the particular organization.

10. Suggest a way to produce skilled human resource in the country.

The country should provide scientific and practical education to its people according to their potentiality.

Lesson: 2

Human Development Index

1. What do you mean by Human Development Index?

Ans; Human Development Index is a tool to measure the development of nation in its social and economic dimensions which are based on health, level of education and the economic status.

2. What is the main purpose of measuring HDI ?

Ans: HDI is measured to know the condition of the country in the development process and suggest the ways to overcome the problems found in the development process.

3.What are the bases for the calculation of Human Development Index?

Ans: The parameters to calculate the Human Development Index are literacy rate, life expectancy and the per capita income.

4. What are the dimensions of HDI to be measured?

Ans: There are three dimensions of HDI to be measured. They are life expectancy, the average year of schooling and income for living standard.

5. What is the condition of Nepal on the basis of HDI?

6. Why is Human Development Index necessary? Write your opinion in a sentence. (MP/SP2074)

7. Suggest a way to increase the level of HDI of Nepal.

Lesson :3

Concept of Regional Development

1. What do you mean development region?

Ans: The political division or unit of a nation for smooth running of the administrative functions and development works under the unitary government is generally called development region.

2. When was Nepal divided into fourteen zones and seventy five districts?

Ans: Nepal was divided into fourteen zones and seventy districts on 1^st Baisakh, 2018.

3. When was Nepal divided into four development regions?

Ans: Nepal was divided into four development regions in 2029 BS.

4. When was Nepal divided into five development regions?

Ans: Nepal was divided into five development regions in 2037 BS.

5. What were the purposes of dividing Nepal into five development regions?

Ans: The purposes of dividing Nepal into five development regions were to make the access of proportional development in the every nook and corner of the country and wise utilization of available natural resources.

6. What do you mean by unitary government system?

Ans: A kind of governmental system in which all the governing bodies are controlled by the single central government is termed as unitary government system.

7. What do you understand by decentralization?

Ans:

8. What do you understand by leeward zone?

Ans: The rain shadow area where the rain fall is very scanty because of the influence of dry and cold wind across the mountain, for example Manamg and Mustang of Nepal.

9. Write any two advantages of the concept of development region in the context of Nepal.

Ans: The advantages of regional development in the context of Nepal are;

10. It helps to decentralize of power and authority in the process of governing the state.

11. It helps to make the access of development in the every nook and corner of the country.

12. What were the main purposes of creating development regions?

Ans: The main purpose of creating development regions were to make wise utilization of available natural resources and provide the smooth running administration in the access of people.

13. Write the advantages of unitary form of government. Mention any four of them.

Ans: A kind of governing system in which all the governing power and bodies of the state is under the control of central government is termed as unitary government system. Here all the development works or projects are run by the central government. The advantages of unitary system are;

14. The unitary of government is such governing system which is suitable for small and economically poor nations as it is very economic.

15. It helps to develop the feeling of national integrity among the people.

16. The unitary system is very comfortable and easy ruling system to bring into the operation.

17. Here the government becomes very unanimous.

18. What are the drawbacks of unitary form of government? Write any four of them.

Ans: The process of governing the state from the center with the single government is said unitary government. This kind of government very popular among the poor and small nations. The disadvantages of unitary government are;

a. As it doesn’t adopt the principles of decentralization, the governing bodies may become autocratic.

b. The regional and local bodies of a country may depend on the central government for all kinds of development activities.

c. This kind of governing system is not suitable for a large nation like India, China, the USA.

d. The central government may not pay attention as all the local bodies give more pressure to the central government.

e. The local people are less powerful in this system.

2. Why do you think the concept of regional development get failed in Nepal?

Ans: The concept of regional development was created in 2029 BS. by the government king Birendra. First of all this concept was introduced with four development regions and it was further divided into five development regions in 2037 BS. But this concept got failed because;

a. It was said that the concept of regional development would give high focus on the principle of decentralization but the power and authority was centralized.

b. The voices and the wills and aspirations of the people were ignored by the state authority.

c. The development works couldn’t reach in the every nook and corner of the state as it was limited only in the center.

d. The underprivileged, marginalized groups, Madheshi, women and other groups were out of access of the main stream of politics.

Lesson:4

Federalism

1. When was Nepal announced as Federal Democratic Federal State?

Ans: Nepal was declared the Federal Democratic Republic State on 15^th Jestha, 2065.

2. Why was federalism felt necessary in Nepal?

Ans; It was realized as one of needs of the nation to bring all the marginalized and underprivileged groups in the main stream of the state affairs.

3. How many federal states does Nepal have?

Ans: Nepal has got seven provinces/states which was introduced by the Constitution of Nepal in 2072 BS.

4. What are the bases for the restructuration of Nepal as a federal state?

Ans: The bases for the task of restructuration of Nepal are population distribution and geographical diversity.

5. When was the constitution of Federal Democratic Nepal commenced?

Ans: The Constitution of Nepal was commenced on 3^rd Ashoj, 2072.

6. What are the levels of governments in the Federal governing system of Nepal?

Ans; There are three levels of governments in the Federalism of Nepal. They are federal, provincial and local level governments.

7. Write any two advantages of federalism on the basis of Nepalese background?

Ans: The advantages of federalism in the context of Nepalese are;

a. It helps in the wise utilization of available natural resources,

b. The development works can reach in the every nook and corner of the country.

3. What do you mean by federal government in federalism?

Ans: There are three types of government in federal system i.e. federal, provincial and local. The government in the center (federal) is called the federal government.

14. What do you mean by decentralization?

Ans: The process of delegating of power of ruling from the center to local bodies is called decentralization of power.

15. What are bases for the restructuration of Nepal for seven provinces?

Ans: The bases for the restructuration of Nepal for seven provinces are; identity and capability.

Lesson: 5

Federal States of Nepal

1. What are the cash crops of province : 1?

Ans: Province: 1 is very rich in the act of cash crops production. The cash crops produced in province:1 are; tea, jute, cardamom, sugarcane, etc.

2. Who are the native people of extinct condition of Bagmati Pradesh?

Ans: The native people of extinct of Bagmati Pradesh are Chepang, Jirel, etc.

3. Write any two social characteristics of the province you are residing.

Ans; The province, I am residing is Gandaki Pradesh. The social characteristics of this Pradesh are; this Pradesh is very rich in natural beauty, like the lakes and Himalayas and it is famous for apple production in the country.

4. Write down any two social characteristics of Karnali Province.( RE-123 AP-2075)

Ans: This province is back in education and health facilities and the Pradesh suffered of different social problems like Chhau pratha.

5. What should be done to make your province economically able ? Mention any one idea. (RE-123 BP-2075)

Ans: The province, where I reside is very potential in agricultural activities, so the state government should give high focus in the modern agricultural activities.

6. Differentiate in a point between human resource development and human resource management.( RE-123 CP-2075)

Ans; Human resource development is a continuous process enriching the skills of work force of an organization and its development whereas human resource management is the act of management of the work force and the organization.

7. Clarify in a sentence about the tourism potentiality of Karnali Pradwsh. ( RE-123-FP-2075)

Ans: Karnali Pradesh is naturally beautiful. The tourism centers like Khaptad National Park, Mt. Sipal, Suklaphanta Wild life Reserve of this Pradesh should be advertised through national and international medias throughout the world.

8. Write one objective of calculating human development index. ( RE-123 AC-2074)

Ans: The major objectives of calculating the Human Development Index is to find out the condition of human development of a particular nation and provide the mitigate suggestions for available barriers.

9. Mention any one strong aspect carried out by the implementation of federalism in Nepal? ( RE-123-BC-2074)

Ans: The political system Federalism is introduced in 2065 BS. The strong aspect of this system is that it helps in rapid development of the nation.

10.What do you understand by regional development?

The political development of a country under unitary system or under the central government is said regional development.

11. When was the concept of regional development introduced in Nepal?

The concept of regional development was introduced in Nepal in 2029 BS. with four development regions.

12. When was five development region introduced in Nepal?

Five development region was introduced in 2037 BS.

13. What is federal system? When was it introduced in Nepal?

Federalism is a kind of political system in which a country is divided into different (autonomous) provinces or states. There is a government in each province along with the government in the center as federal government. It means, there are two types of governments and we call it dual government system.

14. When was Nepal divided into 14 zones and 75 districts?

Nepal was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts on 1st Baisakh, 2018.

15. Write any two causes of failure of development regions

The causes for the failure of development regions are;.

a. The voices of people for development were ignored.

b. The voices for the rights and freedom were suppressed.

16.When was Nepal declared Federal Republic State?

Nepal was declared Republic State on 15th Jestha, 2065.

17. Difference between unitary system of government and federal government in a sentence.

A kind of governmental system in which the whole nation is governed from the center by a single government whereas the federal government is three types of governmental system in which the country is governed through federal, provincial and local governments.

18. Is federalism suitable to the context of Nepal? Give a reason.

I don't think, federal system is suitable in the context of Nepal because this system is suitable for only large and rich nations as Nepal is small and economically weak nation and it isn't affordable from the geographical and economical prospective.

GROUP-B

Short Answer Questions

(Here, each question carries 4 marks.)

Lesson: 1

Human Resource Development

1. What do you understand by Human Resource Management? Write any three features of it in elaborative form.

Ans: Human Resource Management is a kind of strategic approach to the effective management of the available work force or human resource in a company or organization helps to compete in the national and world for the organizational progress.

The features of Human Resource Management are as follow;

a. Human Resource Management always aims developing the skills of the human resources of the company or the organization.

b. It analyzes the conditions of the available jobs and prepares the plans accordingly to move ahead for the progress of the organization.

c. It always seeks the potential human resources and recruit them and provide them skills and trainings and

d. It evaluates the condition of the market and organization and prepare the plans accordingly.

Finally we can say that Human Resource Management is the management of the organization for its growth developing the skills and potentialities of the available resources in the company.

2. It is believed that the condition human resources of Nepal is in need of improvement as per the time. Why? Present your views in four points.

Ans: Nepal is a developing country. The condition of the companies or organizations is in the crowing condition. The human resources available here are less potential in the comparison to the developed countries, it is just because of the lack of required trainings and skills and technology. Yes, it is true, that the human resources of Nepal is in need of improvement in ever sector as per the time because;

a. The human resources of Nepal are more traditional. The works, they perform are based on manual works.

b. The organizations or companies of Nepal are based on traditional technology which can not compete with the companies based on digital technology.

c. Most of the factories of Nepal are traditional and agro-based industries and they are suitable for local market.

d. The human resources of these types of companies or organizations are not secured with their jobs which motivates them for the progress for the organization.

There are various causes which are lacking behind the Nepalese organizations which are to be improved though the above given are the representative ones.

3. Introduce Human Resource Development and write any three characteristics of it.

Ans: Human Resource Development is a kind of frame work for helping the work force who are working in an organization or a company. It is the process of developing skills, knowledge and the abilities which helps to improve the condition of the organizations. Human Resource Development is a part of Human Resource Management. The characteristics of Human Resource are;

a. Human Resource Development is a very continuous development process that always intends to improve the performance of the work force and the organization.

b. The prime objective of the Human Resource Development is to develop the skills and working capability of the work force.

c. Human Resource Development is a dynamic process as it is an on-going process.

d. It focuses on empowering the human resources of the organization along with the strengthening the abilities of the workers of all types.

Thus Human Resource Development is such key which helps in the development of the entire organization.

4. Differentiate between Human Resource Development and Human Resource Management in four points.

Ans; Difference between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development are;

Human Resource Management	Human Resource Development
· Management is the task of applying the principles of management for managing the work force and the entire organization.	· Human Resource Development is a type of development process which aims at improving the performance of the work force of an organization.
· The prime objective of Human Resource Resource Management is the act of improving the efficiencies of the human resources of the organizations.	· The main objective of Human Resource Development is to develop the skills and the competency of the work force and the organization.
· HRM is a kind of formal management system of an organization for its overall development.	· It can’t be as formal HRM as it is a part of HRD.
· HRM is such managerial system in an organization which deals with all the aspects of management i.e. recruiting, improving the skills and knowledge, rewarding or punishing.	· HRD generally focuses on the development of the entire organization rather than the progress of the work force of the organization.

5. Write any four characteristics of Human Resource Management. ( RE-123-EP-2075)

Ans; Human Resource Management is one of aspect to manage the human resources of an organization. It is the act of recruiting the able skilled resources and developing the skills of the available resources. The characteristics of HRM are as follow;

a. Human Resource Management is an art and science as it manages the work force for creative and innovative works and the theoretical aspects of it are brought into the operation.

b. Human Resource Management is a service oriented function. It is always related to management of the human resources available in the organization.

c. It is the managerial part of an organization which always aims at the progress of the human resources and the proper functioning of the organization.

d. HRM includes personnel aspect, welfare aspect and organizational relations aspects in itself.

There are various features of it and the above given may highlight a bit about the HRM.

6. List any four roles that can be played by the provincial government to upgrade the Human Resource Development in the particular province.

Ans: There are three types of government in federalism. They are federal government in the center, the provincial government in the province and local level government in each local level. The provincial government too can play a good role in the development of Human Resource Development. The roles that the provincial government can play are;

a. The provincial government has to establish the vocational schools and technical institutions in the province to produce the skill full human resources.

b. The produced human resources have to mobilize in the productive sectors and they need to be encouraged and supported to create the employment opportunities in own places.

c. The different corporations and organizations where there is more than 50% share of the state, have to be observed and provide support to increase the working potentiality of the human resources.

d. The new skills and technologies have launch and prove a good facilities and stop the Brain Drain.

7. Human Resource Development is the foundation for the nation development’. Justify the statement. (SEE 2074 BC

7. What are the various type works? Introduce them with examples.

Ans: There are various type works or jobs followed throughout the world. All these works are interrelated with each other. The types of works followed by the people are;

a. The work of raw materials ( Primary Work);

This type of work is a type work, in which the act of production of raw materials goes on. Mining, fishing, farming, forestry, etc. are the some examples of this type of works.

b. Production of goods ( Secondary Work):

Here, the goods are produced with the help of the produced raw materials from the different sectors. Manufacturing of goods like things to eat, buildings, other things to be used and so on.

c. Service Oriented Work:

Service providing works are the next types of works followed in the world. Here, the people are provided the services by the people who are oriented with this types of works. Works related with providing entertainment, running a shop, education, transportation, health facilities, etc. are the examples of service based work.

d. Work of Specialist

The service related with the works of specialists is called the work of specialist. Here, the people provided the services of the expertise. Such works are the works in which researches and innovations are made. Designing and programming are also the next examples.

7. Why do you think that the Human Resource Development is the need of present? Present your views in four points.

A well qualified and competent human resource is the need of present of all the nations in the world. The presence of well qualified human resource can take ahead the economic status of a nation. The given points highlight the need of Human Resource Development.

a. Human Resource Development is needed to meet the demand and recruit the work force according to need of the organization and work plan.

b. It is needed to increase and cut off the unwanted work force as per the need and the situation of over staffs.

c. It is also needed to make survey on condition on all kinds of human resource required for the organization or any other sectors.

d. HRD helps to stimulate the work force towards their duties and responsibilities for productions.

HRD is such element for the development and progress of every sector.

8. Why do you think that the Human Resource Development is the need of present?

A well qualified and competent human resource is the need of present. The presence of well qualified human resource can take ahead the economic status of a nation. The given points high light the need of human resource development.

a. Human Resource Development is needed to demand and recruit the work force according to need of the organization and work plan.

b.To increase and cut off the work force as per the need and the situation of over staffs. It is very useful in this situation.

c. The diversified human resource can be mobilized for better and diversified productions.

d. It is needed to meet the demand and supply of the work force of the nation.

e. It is also needed to make survey on condition on all kinds of human resource required for the organization.

f. To stimulate the work force towards their responsibility for productions.

9. What are the challenges seen the field of Human Resource Development?

The challenges found in the area of Human Resource Development are;

a. There is lack of all types of human resources in the country as a large number of work force go abroad for foreign employment.

b.The human resource development in the country is not able to meet the need of nation as it is not in the access of marginalized groups.

3. There is less effort of the government for human resource development in all sectors. like education, health, tourism and so on.

4. The government Nepal doesn't have a clear plan in the human resource development.

5. Because of improper management of human resource management, the complexity in the human resource management has taken place.

Lesson: 2

Human Development Index

1. UNDP is conducting the act of measuring Human Development Index every year. What are the purpose calculating HDI? Write your views in four points.

Ans: Human Development Index is a type of indicator which helps to show the level of the progress made by a nation in three different dimensions i.e. education, health and the income. The concept of HDI was introduced in 1990AD. United Nations Development Program (The specialized agency of the UNO) publishes the annual report of HDI every year. The purpose of calculating HDI are as follow:

a. Its main purpose of calculating HDI is to identify the condition of human development of a particular nation.

b. It is to compare the different nations and rank them on the basis of three dimensions i.e. education, health condition and income.

c. It is also conducted to identify the areas which are in need of improvements to bring the progress in the three dimensions.

d. The other purpose of calculating HDI is to show the ways to move ahead and compete with other nations.

There may be various purposes of calculating HDI, but the above given may highlight the purposes of it.

2. It is said that the condition of HDI of Nepal is not satisfactory. What kinds of efforts have to be made to improve them? Present your suggestions in four points.

Ans: We know that Nepal is an economically weak nation. The condition of education, health and per capita income is very low. All of them are placing Nepal in the list of least developed countries. It is also placing Nepal, as a country with low HDI. The following steps can be followed to bring progress in HDI of Nepal;

a. Nepal is an agricultural country. She has to focus on the development of agricultural sector.

b. As Nepal is very potential land for tourism, she can give high priority in the progress or development of tourism.

c. Education is the base of all kinds of developments; Nepal has to focus on the modern and scientific education.

d. Until and unless the guarantee of employment doesn’t take place in the country, the economic progress of the people can’t ride up. So the focus on the economic progress of people should remain on the top.

e. The access of primary health facilities should reach into the every local levels of the nation along with the primary treatment and medicines.

The points given above may suggest bringing the progress in the development of HDI of Nepal.

3. List out the importance of HDI.

The importance of HDI is;

a. HDI helps to identify the progress of a nation, it has made in different areas.

b. HDI provides the comparative concept on the country's development progress along with the changes they have made.

c. HDI provides the ways to look at whether a country is moving a head in the path of progress.

d. As HDI is a general human development index of a nation which helps to know the default areas like corruption and requirements of the people. etc.

4. Some countries of the world have very low living standard whereas some have got high. Write the causes behind it?

All the nations in the world don't have the equal living standard. It gets differ country wise. Some countries are able to maintain all the criteria of HDI because they are able to mobilize and utilize all the resources of the country. The causes for high and low life standard are;

* Some countries in the world have very low rate of employment opportunity, low wages or salary and irregular employment pattern.

* Many countries are suffering of political instability, natural disasters, environmental problems, corruption etc.which are enforcing for low standard life style.

* Many countries in the world have high life standard because they have got high rate of employment opportunity with high wages and salary system.

* The countries with the political stability, rule of law and good governance, very less environmental problems, proper utilization of available natural resources are very good in better life style. etc.

5. How do women in least developed and developing countries get exploited?

The women of least developed and developing countries are deprived of the rights and privileges. They are limited within the four wall of the house. They are to be at home and forced to be limited with the house holds works. The women are exploited through the following basis.

a. Socially,

b. Economically

c. Culturally, and

d. Physically

6. HDI of Nepal is very low. What kinds of steps would you carry on, if you were appointed as the Minister of Finance?

Nepal is one of the least developed countries in the world. As her economic and other status is low, the HDI is also low. There should be good programs and policies to up-lift the condition of HDI. If I were appointed as the Minister of Finance, I would move ahead with following programs and policies to up lift the HDI of Nepal.

a. The government of Nepal should expand quality of education through out the country. The scientific and practical education should reach in the access of every citizen. So I would make the process to the schools well equipped for the quality education.

b. Many people of our country have to die in the absence of good health facilities. I would take the initiation of free health facilities and health insurance in the access of every citizen. Next the human resource in health sector would be produced in large number and they would be mobilized in remote areas with proper facilities.

c. A large number of people are going abroad in search of employment opportunity and they are forced to sell their labour in throw price. Thus my effort would go ahead for industrialization to create employment opportunity in the country. The government would also pay attention in the self - employment too with economic assistance.

d. As Nepal is an agricultural country, the government should pay attention to encourage the youth to come in the agricultural sector.They should be provided all things like improved seeds, fertilizer, pesticides and so on. As a minister of finance I would make the provision providing all these in assistance of the government for better agricultural production.

Thus I believe that this small effort from the government may help to improve the HDI of our country Nepal.

7. The condition of women of Nepal is very low. The development of them is very slow. What would you do, if you were appointed as the Minister for Women and Social Welfare? Answer in four points.

More than 50% population of our country is covered by the population of women. As they occupy half of the total population, the condition of the women is in worse situation. Until the condition of the women rises up and they assist in the development, the state can't make any progress. Thus If I were appointed as the Minister of Women and Social Welfare, I would launch the following programs to up-lift the condition of the women of our country.

a. We know education is the prime source of all around development of state and the its people, so there will be a program of compulsory free and quality education to all the school going girls with the facility of free stationery.

b. I would launch a vocational training to make the adult women self-employed and provide them the soft loan to start their own business.

c. As per the principles of inclusion in the constitution of Nepal 2072, I would move ahead to aware and get their right of 33% reservation in the governmental and non governmental sectors.

d. The next step will be of implementation of equal right in the parental property for the girls and women as the men get as the heirs of their father.

e. The awareness campaign would be launch in my leadership against the dowry system in Nepal.

f. The different social problems over the women would be removed with the help of awareness program and implementation existing law of the nation.

g. The women would be encouraged to participate in the various economic sectors to be employed and up lift their status as they wish.

9. HDI of Nepal is very low. What kinds of steps would you carry on, if you were appointed as the Minister of Finance?

Nepal is one of the least developed country in the world. As her economic and other status is low, the HDI is also low. There should be good programs and policies to up-lift the condition of HDI. If I were appointed as the Minister of Finance, I would move ahead with following programs and policies to up lift the HDI of Nepal.

Thus I believe that these small efforts from the government may help to improve the HDI of our country Nepal.

10. The condition of women of Nepal is very low. The development of them is too very slow. What would you do, if you were appointed as the minister for women and social welfare? Answer in four points.

More than 50% population of our country is covered by the population of women. As they occupy half of the total population, the condition of the women is in worse situation. Until the condition of the women rise up and they assist in the development, the state can't make any progress. Thus If I were appointed as the Minister of Women and Social Welfare, I would launch the following programs to up-lift the condition of the women of our country.

b. I would launch a vocational training to make the adult women self-employed and provide them the soft loan to start their own business.

c. As per the principles of inclusion in the constitution of Nepal 2072, I would move ahead to aware and get their right of 33% reservation in the governmental and non governmental sectors.

d. The next step will be of implementation of equal right in the parental property for the girls and women as the men get as the heirs of their father.

e. The awareness campaign would be launch in my leadership against the dowry system in Nepal.

f. The different social problems over the women would be removed with the help of awareness program and implementation existing law of the nation.

g. The women would be encouraged to participate in the various economic sectors to be employed and up lift their status as they wish.

11. The condition of women of Nepal is very low. The development of them is too very slow. What would you do, if you were appointed as the minister for women and social welfare? Answer in four points.

b. I would launch a vocational training to make the adult women self-employed and provide them the soft loan to start their own business.

c. As per the principles of inclusion in the constitution of Nepal 2072, I would move ahead to aware and get their right of 33% reservation in the governmental and non governmental sectors.

d. The next step will be of implementation of equal right in the parental property for the girls and women as the men get as the heirs of their father.

e. The awareness campaign would be launch in my leadership against the dowry system in Nepal.

f. The different social problems over the women would be removed with the help of awareness program and implementation existing law of the nation.

g. The women would be encouraged to participate in the various economic sectors to be employed and up lift their status as they wish.

12. List any four roles that can be played the provincial government to upgrade the Human Resource Index (HDI) in your area.(SEE 2075 DP)

Ans: I am the resident of Gandaki Pradesh. Gandaki Pradesh is naturally beautiful province which is thought to be the gift of nature as it is very beautiful. After the advent of democracy and operation of federalism, the provinces, the provincial government of Gandaki Pradesh can do the following things to upgrade the HDI of my province.

a. First of all the state government grade has to pay attention to transform the education system from traditional to very modern and scientific education system in each local level to upgrade the education system and it has to be in the access of every one.

b. The government has to establish well facilitated health center in each local level a good hospital in each district to make the access of all the citizens.

c. The state has to create the employment opportunity to upgrade the economic condition of the people.

d. It has to draft good programs and policies to establish the industries and other infrastructures of development for the overall development of the nation.

1. Lesson : 3

Concept of Regional Development

1.When was the concept of regional development introduced in Nepal? What were causes behind the introduction of this governing system? Present your views in three points.

Ans: As soon as the Birendra enthroned as the king of Nepal in 2028 BS, he introduced the concept of regional development in 2029 BS with four development regions and it was further divided into five development regions in 2037 BS. for proportionate development of the nation. The caused for the introduction of regional development are;

a. To make the access of all kinds of development works throughout the country.

b. To develop the feelings of national integrity,

c. To provide the efficient, effective and smooth running administrative works among the people.

1. Write the advantages of unitary form of government. Mention any four of them.

a. The unitary of government is such governing system which is suitable for small and economically poor nations as it is very economic.

b. It helps to develop the feeling of national integrity among the people.

c. The unitary system is very comfortable and easy ruling system to bring into the operation.

d. Here the government becomes very unanimous.

2. What are the drawbacks of unitary form of government? Write any four of them.

Ans: The process of governing the state from the center with the single government is said unitary government. This kind of government is very popular among the poor and small nations. The disadvantages of unitary government are;

a. As it doesn’t adopt the principles of decentralization, the governing bodies may become autocratic.

b. The regional and local bodies of a country may depend on the central government for all kinds of development activities.

c. This kind of governing system is not suitable for a large nation like India, China, the USA.

d. The central government may not pay attention as all the local bodies give more pressure to the central government.

e. The local people are less powerful in this system.

3. Why do you think the concept of regional development get failed in Nepal?

a. It was said that the concept of regional development would give high focus on the principle of decentralization but the power and authority was centralized.

b. The voices and the wills and aspirations of the people were ignored by the state authority.

c. The development works couldn’t reach in the every nook and corner of the state as it was limited only in the center.

d. The underprivileged, marginalized groups, Madheshi, women and other groups were out of access of the main stream of politics.

Lesson : 4

Federalism

1. What do you mean by federalism? Why is it realized as one of the need of Nepal? Present your views in three points.

Ans: A kind of governing system in which the nation is divided into different states or provinces where the governing power is shared between them. It is called federalism. In this system, there is a government in center (federal) and the provinces too. So it is also called the dual government system. This type of governmental system felt necessary in Nepal too because of the following reasons;

a. The marginalized and underprivileged groups realized that they could make their presence in the national affairs only in the federalism so they went in favour of it.

b. As development works were not in the access of all the places of the nation, it was thought that when federalism is introduced, the development activities could reach in each and every places.

c. It was felt necessary to make rapid economic growth with high PCI.

2. We know that federalism is not suitable for a small and economically weak nation. How can Nepal make it successful as it is a small and economically not sound nation? Provide any four suggestions.

Ans: Federalism is such political system in which the country is divided into different (autonomous) states or provinces. Here, all the states function on the surveillance of the federal government (central government) though there is a provincial government in each province. This political system is not suitable for small and economically weak nations. Though Nepal is also a small and economically weak nation, she has already stepped in it. Nepal can make progress in this system in the following ways.

a. First of all the political parties of Nepal should make a political commitments for its success and progress.

b. The number of law-makers needs to be decreased to reduce the expenditure of the governments.

c. The main problem corruption should be minimized from all the sector and provide public oriented services in smooth way.

d. The potentialities of all the state need to be noticed and act accordingly for the progress of the state.

The development of a nation depends on the activities of development carried out in the nation. Though Nepal is small and economically weak country she make progress in federalism with the help of different activities as given above.

3. How can the challenges found in the operation of federal system Nepal be solved?

Ans: Federal system is a political system which is known in the world. Many nations have made progress whereas some of them are facing many challenges and they are trying to come out it. Nepal is also facing many challenges since its operation. These challenges can be overcome in the following ways;

a. There need to political commitment from the political parties of Nepal.

b. The stratification of power between the federal, provincial and local government should go on the basis of the principles of separation of power.

c. The conflicts and disputes seen in between the federal, provincial and local government should be solved with the talks.

d. The economic potentialities of each state have to be known and work accordingly for economic progress of each state.

e. The number of law-makers of Federal Legislature, Provincial Assembly and Local levels should be based on the principles of the territory and population. etc.

All the problems can be solved easily if they are managed in the wise manner.

4. What can be the process or criteria for the selection of the capital of each province?

Following features are required to select the capital of the provinces.

a. The capital should be in the center of the province linked with all the districts of the province.

b. The capital should get linked with road network of the nation.

c. There should be enough infrastructures required for a capital such as university, hospital, airport etc.

d. There should be facilities of landfill site for waste management etc.

5. Differentiate functions of three levels of governments according to constitution of Nepal 2072.

Federal government..

* It is the government in the center as national government.

* It has control over the whole nation.

* The government is led by the Prime Minister.

* It runs all the state affairs collectively under the federal government and formulates the federal laws. It also amends the constitution.

* It handles the affairs related to defense, foreign affairs, monetary system etc.

Provincial government

* It formulates and amends the provincial laws and implements them.

* It prepares the state level programs and policies.

* It has to maintain the peace and security of the own province and run the effective, efficient and smooth running administration.

* It has to protect, preserve and promote local arts and cultures.

* It has to conduct the provincial level projects.

Local government

* The local level government prepares the programs and policies for local level.

* It prepares local level economic policies and programs and implement them effectively.

* It has to maintain law and order in own local level.

* It handles the basic level education under the national education plan.

* It runs the small scale projects like, radio, FM, TV etc.

* It protects, preserves and promotes the art and cultures of own local level.

6.Differentiate between Federal and Provincial government in four points.

Federal government

* The federal government is headed by the Prime Minister.

* The federal government has to look after the whole nation.

* It runs all the states affairs under the federal law of the nation.

* The federal government looks after the national security, foreign affairs, monetary policies of the nation.

Provincial government

* The provincial government is headed by Chief Minister.

* The state government has the control over the own state.

* The provincial government runs under the provincial law and federal law.

* The state government looks after state level education, health, communication etc.

1. How can Nepal gain economic progress in federalism?

We have known that the political system, Federalism is suitable for economically strong and large nations in area like the USA, China, India, Brazil etc. It means, we also know that this political system is not appropriate to small and economically fragile nations. Though it is true, Nepal should follow the following tips for the economic progress in the federal system;

a) The state has to notice the economic potentiality of each province and prepare the plans and act accordingly.

b) The Five Years plans of the country should focus on modernization and commercialization of agriculture sector.

c) The government should prepare plans and policies to attract the foreign investment in the country in industrial sectors.

d) All the political parties of Nepal should make commitment for political stability in the country.

e) Nepal is very fertile land for hydro-power, so the state has to give high priority for the production of hydro-electricity and sell it in the international market.

f) The next area for economic progress of Nepal is tourism sector. Nepal is very well known for adventurous tourism in the world. The tourism of Nepal should be promoted.

We think these activities may help in the economic development of the nation in federalism.

2. Federalism is one of the good political system of the world. It has got both advantages and disadvantages too. What are the disadvantages of federalism? Write any four them.

Ans; We know that federalism is one of the fine political system which is getting one of the governing system with decentralization of power and authority. Though it is widely acceptable political of the world, it too has got a lot of draw backs. The disadvantages of federalism ar;

a. Federalism is very suitable for large countries like, the USA, Russia, Canada, India etc. but it is not suitable for small countries like Nepal, Bhutan etc.

b. This political system very expensive form of governing and it is not suitable for economically weak as it is a very costly where a large number of law makers have to bring up.

c. A country may have a large number of ethnic groups. The ethnic group may demand a separate state which may cause fragmentation of the nation.

d. The restructuration of the may not go in scientific way. The distribution of natural resource will be in imbalance. This act of imbalance may create conflict among the states.

Thus the popular or widely accepted political system, federalism may become the curse for the small and economically poor nations.

Lesson: 5

Provinces of Nepal

1. Recognize the give out line map of a province and write any four features of it.

Ans; It is the outline map of Province no:1. It lies to the east of Nepal. It is one the developed province of Nepal in every sector. This province has not been named yet because of the political disagreement. Beside all these things the features of Province no:1 are:

a. It is the province which introduces Nepal in the world with top of the world i.e. Mt. Sagarmaatha and other mountains like Mt. Kanchanjunga, Mt. Makalu-Barun, Mt. Kumbhakarna, etc.

b. It is the only province that the tea produced here is very famous in the world. This tea growing area of Illam and Jhapa are famous for tourism in the world.

c. The largest river Saptakoshi flows through this province.

d. Agriculture, tourism, industry and trade are the major economic activities of this province.

Province : 1 is the province of Nepal which is known for the top of the world and many more which are luring the world with her beauty.

2. Name the province you reside and introduce it on its geographical feature, climatic condition and socio-economic life.

Ans: There are seven provinces in Nepal. All the provinces of Nepal are very beautiful and potential for their economic progress and other areas. The province I reside is called Karnali Pradesh. Though Karnali Pradesh is with difficult topography, it is very potential in other aspects. The features of Karnali Pradesh are;

a. Karnali Pradesh is located in the western part of Nepal covering the hilly and mountain regin. It is very beautiful with the presence of Rara, the biggest lake of the nation, Shey-Phoksundo lake, and the national parks.

b. The longest river, river Karnali flows through this Pradesh, which is the longest river of the country.

c. As this Pradesh extends in hilly and Himalayan region, the climate is moderate and very cold respectively. Comparison to other provinces, Karnali Pradesh receives less rainfall.

d. The main economic activity of this Pradesh is agriculture and tourism as it is very beautiful with the capacity lure the tourists.

e. It is the province with the highest probability of hydro-electricity in the country.

My province is my pride as it beautiful in each and every aspects.

3. List any four roles that can be played the provincial government to up-grade the Human Development Index (HDI) in your area. (RE-123-DP 2075)

Ans; Nepal constitutionally got divided into seven provinces on 3^rd Ashwin,2072 with the commencement of the constitution. I am the resident of Karnali Pradesh. We know that this Pradesh is a bit back in the development works comparison to other provinces. The government of this Pradesh can play a good role to up-grade the HDI of our Pradesh. They can be as follow;

a. The provincial government can establish good schools and colleges to provide modern education according to need of the time. The local government has make a provision of compulsory education in school level.

b. The provincial government should make hospitals and health centers throughout province to make the access of health facilities among all people.

c. It has to motivate the people towards the scientific and modern agriculture and make the provision of good market for the produced agro-based products.

d. It can establish the agro-based industries which can utilize the local raw materials and create the employment opportunity in own place.

We believe that these types activities may support in the promotion of HDI of Nepal.

4. Some of the provinces of Nepal have not been named yet, what should they be named after? Give a reasons for each of them.

Ans: There are seven provinces in Nepal. The four provinces have already been named. They are Bagmati Pradwsh (3), Gandaki Pradesh (4), Karnali Prasddesh, Lumbini(5) and Sudurpaschim Pradesh (7) but province :1 and 2 have not been named yet. I would like to make the following suggestions to name the provinces which have not been named yet.

a. Province: 1 can be named as Sagarmatha Pradesh. The tallest mountain of the world, Sagarmatha ( Mt. Everest) is located here in this province. It is the pride of our country and the world as well.

b. Province:2 can be named as Mithila Pradesh. Janakpur, the birth place of Goddess Sita and the kingdom king Janak is the feature of this Pradesh. This feature can introduce this Pradesh in the world and it is the pride and acceptable to every citizen.

The suggested names may match to the name the provinces which have not been named yet.

5. What are the various kinds of roles to be performed by the Provincial Government of Nepal? Write your answer in four points.

The constitution of Nepal has provided the rights to the provinces of Nepal in many areas. They have to carry out many activities throughout the state. The activities which are to be carried by the Provincial governments are;

a. There should be the provision of equal and compulsory education to the school going girls up to school level education. The state has to provide the stationery to the girls free of cost. It has to instruct the district councils and local levels of the province to work accordingly.

b. The adult women should be provided the vocational trainings to be self-employed and to generate the employment opportunities in the local levels.

c. The health posts and health centers should be established in each wards of the local levels in the initiation of the provincial government, where the women could get the basic level health facilities in their own local levels.

d. The provincial government must make the policy to involve the women in the development activities of the state.

6. ‘Federalism is far better than unitary form of government’. Justify the statement with your opinion.

Ans: There are various political systems in the world. Federalism and Unitary systems are among them. Unitary system is centralized system. Here, the state is govern from the central government in the form of single body. This government avoids the principle of decentralization and the whole nation comes under single government. It doesn’t help to know the wills and aspirations of the people and their exact needs. Thus many countries in the world forwarding towards federal governing system for example; Nepal. The federalism far better if it is operated being based on the principles. This system is far better because;

a. First of all, the power and authority is decentralized in between the various governing bodies which helps to draft the various programs and policies for the development.

b. The pace of development is faster as the particular governing body knows the needs of people and development works can reach in every nook and corner of the country.

c. The dependency on the central government may reduce as there is a separate governing body in each level.

d. The challenges and problems of the people and states and local levels can easily be solved.

Thus it is believed and proved that this governing system is far better than the unitary form of governing system.

7. Prepare an editorial for a daily newspaper on the title The Importance of Federalism.

Ans:

Editorial

(The Himalayan Times)

Importance of Federalism in the context of Nepal

Federalism one of the political systems found in the world. It is such political system in which, the whole nation is divided into various provinces and states. Here each state contains a government which is headed by the Chief Minister. There is a government in the center (federal) too. This government is headed by the Prime Minister. It means that there are two types of governments so it is also called the Dual Government System. Nepal adopted the federal democratic system in 2065 BS. and this system officially came into operation from 3^rd Ashoj, 2072 with the commenced of the constitution. Every year, Nepal observes the Republic Day on 15^th Jestha. The new constitution of Nepal has made the provision of seven provinces. According to need of Nepal, the importance of federalism are;

a. Before federalism, when the unitary system was into operation, the voice of people were ignored, now in this system, the voices of the people are heard and addressed.

b. The available natural resources of the state are wisely utilized and the development works are carried out as per the need of the people.

c. The dependency on the central government, reduces and the provincial and local governments carry out the tasks to be carried out.

d. The state become independent for their development works and governing the states.

Finally it says that the federal form government is very suitable over all development.

8.What do you mean by local level government? Write the functions of the local level government according to constitution of Nepal.

Ans: Federalism is such type of governing system in which the whole nation is divided into various provinces and local levels. It means, we find there federal, provincial and local level government. Here, the government in each local level is local level government. It is the lowest level of governing body of the federalism. The constitution of Nepal has divided Nepal into 753 local levels. The functions local level government are;

a. To prepare the programs and policies for the overall development of the local level.

b. To carry out the small projects which can be carried out in the local level.

c. To look after the Basic level education,

d. To manage the basic health facilities in the local level in the form of health centers.

e. To distribute the certificate of land and ownership and so on.

3. Federalism is an opportunity for overall development of Nepal. Prepare a model of debate for or against the motion.

Ans; A modal of debate is here. The two boys are talking about federalism is an opportunity for overall development of Nepal.

Samaj: Ashish, can you tell me about the federalism that you discussed in the class, yesterday?

Ashish: Yes. We talked about the federalism is an opportunity for our country, Nepal.

Samaj: Please, tell me about it. How is it an opportunity?

Ashish: Ok. Listen. It is an opportunity in the following ways.

a. The underprivileged and marginalized groups will get the opportunity to join in the main stream of the state affairs as they were out of the access of it.

b. The states and the local levels will know their economic potentiality and can carry out the economic activities on the basis of these potentialities.

c. This governing system will reduce the dependency on the central government for all the development activities for own place.

d. It helps to make wise utilization of available natural resources in the province and the local levels, and so on.

Samaj: Thank you Ashish.

4. Write the socio-economic background of the rovince you reside.

Ans: I am the resident of Bagmati Pradesh. It is one of the developed province as there is the national capital. The province consists of three physical features that is Himalayan region, Hilly region and Terai region. This Pradesh is very potential in all the economic aspects. Tourism, agriculture, animal husbandry and so on. The Himalayan region is famous for all the agricultural activities.

5. Compare Bagmati Pradesh and Karnali Pradesh on the basis of their physical features and the economic potentialities.

Ans: The difference between Bagmati and Karnali Pradesh.

Bagmati Pradesh	Karnali Pradesh
The province is situated in the central part of the nation with the area of 20,300 sq. km.	Karnali Pradesh lies in the western part of Nepal with beautiful hills and himalays with the area of 27,984 sq.km.
The province consists of 13 districts with the beautiful valley called Kathmandu valley with the beautiful cities.	There are 10 districts in this province. They are the resident of Thakuri, Kshetri, Brahamin etc.
The Pradesh is very rich in cultural heritages. The heritages which are enlisted in the world heritages site are found in large number such as Pashupatinath, Swyambhunath, Patan durbar square, Bhaktapur durbar square etc.	Karnali predesh is very rich in natural and cultural heritages both. Rara, the largest lake and Shey-Phoksundo lake, Mt. Kanjerowa, Kankre Bihar, Chandannath temple, etc.

Lesson : 3